Advanced Patient Assessment Practice Exam

What abnormality is indicated by a serum sodium level below normal?

1. Hyperkalemia

2. Hypernatremia

3. Hyponatremia

4. Hypertension

The correct answer is: Hyponatremia

A serum sodium level below normal indicates hyponatremia, which is a condition characterized by low sodium concentration in the blood. Sodium plays a critical role in maintaining osmotic balance and is essential for normal muscle and nerve function. When sodium levels drop, it can lead to various symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma. Hyponatremia can occur due to several reasons, including excess fluid intake, certain medications, and underlying health conditions that affect water regulation in the body. The recognition of hyponatremia is vital in clinical settings, as it prompts further investigation into the underlying cause and appropriate management strategies. In contrast, other terms provided in the options refer to different conditions: hyperkalemia refers to high potassium levels, hypernatremia signifies elevated sodium levels, and hypertension relates to high blood pressure, none of which are associated with low serum sodium levels.