Advanced Patient Assessment Practice Exam

Which of the following are considered complications of forceful coughing?

1. Rib fracture and pneumothorax

2. Pleural effusion and torn chest muscle

3. Pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and torn chest muscle

4. Rib fracture, pneumothorax, and torn chest muscle

The correct answer is: Rib fracture, pneumothorax, and torn chest muscle

Forceful coughing can indeed lead to several complications, making it essential for healthcare providers to be aware of them. A rib fracture is one of the primary concerns because sudden and intense abdominal pressure during a severe cough can exert enough force on the ribs to cause them to break, especially in older adults or those with pre-existing bone weaknesses. Pneumothorax, which is the accumulation of air in the pleural space causing lung collapse, can also occur due to the high intrathoracic pressure that is generated during forceful coughing. This pressure can lead to the rupture of blebs or weakened areas in the lung tissue. Torn chest muscles are another potential consequence, as the vigorous contraction of the muscles involved in coughing can lead to strains or tears, resulting in pain and discomfort. In this case, the correct answer encompasses all three complications—rib fracture, pneumothorax, and torn chest muscle—assessing the various risks associated with forceful coughing. Understanding these complications helps in both assessing patient history and in providing appropriate clinical care.